Floor slab



March 4, 1930.

' J. c. woon Er AL FLOOR SLAB Filed June 27, 192'.' 2 Sheets-Sheet March4, 1930. l J, WOOD ET AL 1,749,204

' FLOORv SLAB Filed June 27, 1132'.7 2 sheets-sheet- 2 F'ICT. 5

/50 v y I2) "Ulml' @aai 'FEL-QI @o f2 FWG. 'OB 3 aylaclmaiafc amPatented Mar. y4',y 19130'r f PATENT OFFICE Joran `swoony ANDARTYHURHAGENER-,OF LAKEWOOD, oHIo, AND KAB-L v or CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, AssIGNonsTo THE WHITACREENGINEERING COMPANY,

onwn'yunssunaonro, A coRPoRATIoN oFfoHIo y f nLooR SLAB `Appiicatioafiled 'June 27, 1927.y serieu No. 201,631.

"."lhis yinvention relates to a floor or ceiling construction, and moreparticularly toa floory slab composedinpart of, hollow tile blocks.

It isamong' the objects of ourinvention to `be rapidly and easilybuilt.' i.

yConstruct affloor which combines'a minimum weight 'with great; strengthand which. may

j n Othe'robiectsincludema'king vthe Hoor fire- Vandthe ceilingsurfaceso that the-ceiling f surface vmaybe, plastered andy be freefrom` gV the accumulationorseepage of moisture from- `vConcrete;l n H'is -A'f'urther object isto-.arrange andposition proof. Another.objectf-is to provide an ample yinsulation between `the concrete ofthe/floor the tile inthe floor so that the strength of the I tilebloclsismost efficiently used in carrying Y the Y,floor load. A further obJectlspto group i andfz arrangev the tileso that the ktilefvvill be.bonded'tfo the /lloor-joists and',v beams as well l F raste-eachother.V :A further 'object is tolessen the-time and'cost of erectingtemporaryfsupj, ports -on which ourV slab is laid, by arranging` theytilefinsuch manner-that the tile comprises the form for they concrete,"while the support merelygholds the tile. i

"Other objects lwillappear `from ythe followi y ingdescription'offourinvention; the essential;l ,characteristics 4are:.summarized 1n' the i tv.

,Infthe drawing, Fig.' -1 isa perspectiveof a section ofafloor vslabincludingportions of perspective. of;1naj,or.orf.worlring tile block;

3 is-a.: plan `'ofthefitile and reinforcing stel',las laid-; beforefthe' .concrete is poured;

. Fig. tis ay partially broken sectionv (with concrete removed)talrenalongy the lines 4"-4 of' Fig. 1; Fig.5 isasection taken along thoglinesfeofFig. 1. a f' i tion and referring to the preferrednformillustrated f' in the' drawings, weshow particularly in' Fig.v 1aportion 'of a loorslab .Whicl'lll for` the purpose of; illustrationymay bef square or rectangular .and is shown lying bet-weenbeams orgirders 1 and 2. .Thev beams Vland 2 areshown as composedof reinforcedconcrete having suitable l reinforcing ybars The. beams are' arrangedtointersect 1n the readilyr lend themselves to this construction whichhas the very apparent advantage Of eliminating ceiling beams. f

The slabfproperis composed of intersectingconcrete joists 10, the topsof which `lie.

flush with the topsV of ythe beams and with the tops of the tile blocks.Suitable reinforcingrods 1.1 are laid in the joists asshown. The rodsare shown to liein two directions as shown in Fig. 3.. Referring to Fig.4, we have shown in addition to the rods 1l, the rods 12, which extendacross the upper portion of the .beaml and lie yabove lthe neutral axisof theslab in the. usual way. The par-y ticular arrangement of thereinforcing rods, of` the slab is a matter of choice consistent with theteaching of our invention; we have shown the conventional use of suchrods by way of illustration to moreclear'ly set out the othernovelfeatures. f f i The joists 10, as appear, are not as deep as thebeams and for the. sake of illustration.jv I'have shown the joists to beabout one-half the depth of the beams. It follows that iu the 7formofour invention shown herewith, that the upper half of the slab does thework of carryingthe load and that the, lower half maybe regarded asbeing idle atleast in the portions remote from the beams. v

In'the slab, we use major tile `blocks B as illustrated, for example,in' Fig. 2, which blocks 'n1-ay be, substantially cubical lin form andare eXtrudedto have a plurality of voids land l'extending thev length ofthe block in In the .preferred y form, the tile blocks have a step oroffset portion at one of the upper edges of the block as kat 17,; thestep lying parallel with the voids.

We do not care tobe limited'however, to the relation of step or steps tothe direction or .size of the voids in the block. The voids 15 intheupper portion of the block are shown tobe smaller than the voids 1,6below and in placing the block in the floor, the smaller voids alongwith the step portion are placed upwardly so that the lower voids 16 lieimme- .angles as indicated by the arrows.

diately'above the ceiling which is'co'mposed in part of the bottomshells 18 of the blocks B; Referring to Figs. 1, 2 and 3, the blocks Bare laid on temporary supports, not shown,

in groups of fourblocks B, with the voids.`

and step portion of each blocklying normal to the 'voids and step,portion in the adjacent blocks. Thus, in Fig. 3,. we show blocks' 20,21, 22 and QSconstituting a group with the voids and steps of the blocks2O and 2Q eXtendingas indicated by the arrows in the face of thedrawing,and ythe voids and steps ofthe blocks 21 and 23' extending atright The step portions of theblocks face inwardly of the group andforma continuous channel or i 5 groove across the upper face of thegroup as at 30a Thesevchannels or grooves extend to the outeredge "ofthegroup Aas at 31.

the top 'portion' of `the center of; the group as Referring to Figs. eand 5, thechannelvor Vgrooves 30appear between the steps 17'fand theends of the uppermost voids` 15 of theV adjacentv and abutting blocks.Concrete keys Ll() are poured to 'lill up the channels 'as showninF-igs. 1 and 5. vThe' c'oncietekeys 0f-in thesechannelslie inthe stepportion 17v of each block and flow into the voided Vends of stitutes initself, an isolated dome or arch, the

compression stress will reach a maximum in at. 32 in yFig.` 3,where thekeys VL10 intersect. Further considering eacl'ig-roup as a pair ofintersecting arches, it will'appear that .the concrete keys 40 with lugs40A,'forni, 'in

effect,anextendedkeystone for each arch.

Y The concretekeys 40 in the channels 30 thus serveto distribute theload across the top of the group and distribute the load from the 's ideyof the-step 17 to the top'V shell and to the upper websof the adjacenttile.'jThe lugs 40A' extending'into the voids lying between 'The sofiittiles may Y to, conform with the size of the blocks B.. in

the sotlt tile is, the sofiit tile y50a l the top shellfandthe upper'horizontal web serve to mechanically lock the tile .in engage` nientand to take the direct shear between abutting tile.

.Referring back to Figs. 1 and 3,1 providevv soiiittiles 50 whichliebelow the goists 10 and space thegroups from each other and space thejoists awayV from the ceiling@ surfacje. 'be of convenient length Fig.3,' we show, particularly, I 50L to loe/equalV in-length to a side cnneiision of the'group of tile 20,1521, 22 and 23, thasJ A is shown tobe as long as fofthe tiles 2G and 23.

the combined length y V in all ofthe spaces bef The sofifit tiles` arelaid 'tween groups yof tile, and with bottoni shells of the blocks B,forma continuous tile ceiling.

As shown, particularly infFigs. l and 5, each soliit tile 50 has alargevoid 51 `extend-v ing longitudinally of thel tile and has/a chair nelformed in the top which is Vadaptedto oe keyed into the joists andsuspended thereby as at 52. Any suitable keying nieans'between thesoiiit `tile and the joist canfbefused.

v The soiiits are of such height as to'closethe lower voids 16 of themajor'tile as shown in Fig. y5, so that substantially'. all of the "con-,-1

crete in the vslab is maintained substantially of the saine crosssectional area as the .major voids 16 inthe blocks li, so that'acomplete andv uniformr cellularlayer is provided Vbetween the ceilingsurface. and Vthe workingy portion or upper sectionof the slab. Plastermay be applied to the lower sh'ellsof all the" These Vshells are wellinsulated [from vin'theupper section thereof.y The cells or i voids ofthe sofiit tile 51 may besubstaiitially Y.

any moisture that/may accumulate in or i through the vconcretejoistslorkeys. Inthis manner, the plaster is always/dry and yinsulated froin theconcrete.""The firep'rooling` lvalue vof this slab is greatly enhancedbyrea#v son ofthe fact that thereinforcing rods 11,

for instance, arev insulated from thenearest'f' surface by theair spacein the lowervoids:

and are of course insulated from aboveby the concrete inthe jojg l f Inlaying the tile, asshown A of the temporary-'supporting surface-is cov'-ered with tilef so that there isno ,shifting of tile when .-the concreteis poured. In addi.- tion to the advantage of centering and locatingithe tile on `the supports, it will be seen i` that a completetilel formis provided for thel concrete whichlis poured in the slab.V Thetemporary supports Vmay comprise loosel planks which need only bespaced'clos'ely enough vto provide a safe iiooring` for the..

workmen. V`Such temporarysupp'orts may ofv course bek moreYeconomically, erected and re# moved than 'those which musty constitutein part afforin for concrete.,v

VvThe reinforcing rods 11, see' are laid l directlyf over the soliittile', thelowermost of the rods are laid to extendtransversely yof the'`channels of some of the soflits. "Therods' rods.

- As appears which extend parallel vwith the channel pori tion ofthesoiits arelaidovenntersectingl the space between 'groups'.ofthetileand have f lugs 10a which extend into the open ends ofv j Thus,-each tile is@ alternate faces of tile.v firmly bonded intoA the oistsat v one 'endl and isboiided at the other end by the concrete key f l()having the lugs 40a. A group oftile such as thegroupshown in Fig...is bo`nded to the j joists vwhere the voided ends of the particu``-V jy isoVlartile meet the joists Thus thetile j2O4 is maag-204 bonded into the joists .by lugs along the edge ifo S, thetile 21similarly bonded alongthe edge TT'A the tile 22 a'lon the'edge' U, the tile 23 along the edgeV. j

yother side ofthe joiststhat the til'e23a is efurtherprovide on thebonded into the joist along the edge W and `the tile 2()a is bonded intoanothervjoist along theedge X. Inthis manner, the lugsofthe joist'extend first into the tile 23a along-the edge W and then into the tile2O along-the edge Si .Considering the tile spaced acrossv Y 'the joistsinthe other direction 2Gb and 2lb,

y thetile 2Gb is bonded to the joist along the surface Y and thetile 2lbis bonded to the joistal'ong the surface'Z, thlus the lugs inthe ytransverse joist extend intothe tile 2()a at Xy yand then diagonallyacross the vjoist into the' f tile h at Y and the'niback intotlie tile21y at Y. ze

Ti'.vk vWith this.l arrangement the voids of each tile in the floorvaswelly as yeach tile inv the group extend at right anglesto theadjacenttile andy so that thefgreatest strength of tile augments the strengthofthe two-way reinforcement. L Inoth'er words, the strainy in a giventile'measured'inv the direction of its vertical webs is transferredthrough yay me- "dium of concrete withr every-adjacent ytile f`against-the sidewall thereof and is" both dispersed and carried throughthe horizontal webs 'and shells ofthe adjacent tile. In this j `mannerboth in@ the vgroups andl between groups', we effect agreat uniformityof loadingleach tile, s o that all ofthe Icile may most effectivelywork, or rather sothat 'each tile may work atgreatetiiciency;

. Referring particularlyjto Fig. 5f, will'be seenthatthe groups of tileadjacent the 'beamspresent one tile yper group with vall of `its'voided'en'd open to the beam. Inthis manner the lugs'of concrete not'only extend into the upper voids ofthe major tile, but

also. eX-teiid intofthe lower voids as atflOB.

f y'Iyhis 'construction fully bonds thetile on the edge of the' slabltothe'beam and vaidsintakr ving the directl shearbetweenthe edge oftheslaband the Sbearn.` It will be further ap-,

preciated by one skilled in the art that` these vlugs in thelower voidsadjacent the beam aid in gripping each tile to help takethe compressivestrain in the lowerportionofthe f "slabj which is greatestadjacent thebeam. I f

, Theforegoing constitutes av description' of apreferredform of ourinventionjbutwe do notccare to bey limited: totheexact ldetails ofconstruction shown. For instance. we have shown 'groups constitutingvfour tile blocks,

butv it can ber readily understood that ythe teaching of our inventionisreadilyy applicable to groups composed of diferent'nuinbers.

of blocks. VThe particular-shape of the tile block andthe size andarrangement ofthe I* 4step. and web structure maybe varied lto suit theneeds of a'particular case.` rOther variations mayvbe Amade withoutdeparting from y.the ,s'copeiof the claims appended hereto.

-We claim:

l. A floor slab having concrete joists and groups offour voided blocksbonded between intersecting joists, eachk block inthe group having oneopen end abutting the joists and `keyed to the joists by means of lugsof concrete extending into the voided ends of the tile and having theyother open end facing the shell of an adjacent block in the group, incombinationy with a continuous concrete key extending between the upperportions of'. said blocks and distributing compressive load between themin all directions.

2'. A floor slab including-a group of voided blocks, the blocks in agroup being arranged with voids in one block at right angles tothiefvoids in a horizontally adjacent block and presenting alternateopen ends to the ex- L terior of the group, yconcrete joists spaced fromeach other and laid in two directions in the floor Vand surrounding eachgroup of tile, each j'oist having lugs of concrete eX? tween abuttingtile in the group to distribute the f load throughout. the group. t 4.1*A floor slab having reinforced kconcrete joists and groups of' hollowtile blocks bonded between joists, the open ends of tile in` the groupabutting adjacent, tile, a nonreinforced concrete key disposed betweenabutting ends of the tile in the group j and' transmitting compressiveload between blocks Vin the group and having lugs extendingginto theopen ends of the abutting tile. 5. vA ioor slab having concrete joistsand groups of voided tileblocks`bonded between joists,'one voided endofeach block in the group abutting the sidewall of an adjacent tile andthe'other voided end facing they jois-t, and aconciete key disposedbetween abutting blocks and having lugs Iextending into the voided endsof the abut-ting blocks. the joists having lugsextendinginto the otherend of eachtil'eywhereby each tile is ,locked into theslab by lugs ofconcrete in both ends`and Awhereby .each 'group of blocks constitutes aload bearing unit Athroughout which the load' is distributed bysaidkey.,

6.v A Hoor slab yhaving concrete j oistsv spaced apart and groups oftile blocks spaced between joists and lying flush with the top ofthejoists and each group acting as a load bearing dome or arclu'eachtile of the group abutting adjacent tile and having an zza upper reducedportion7 the depth of thereduced portion being less than the" depth ofthe joist, and concrete lreyslfornied integral andi-flush with. the topof the joists andxlying acrossthe Vupper face oi' the, group of tilebetweenthe said upper.reducedv portions of! the tile-and servingv toldistribute the load roni'fblock to blockthroughout each dome orarch. l

7. In'V a floor slab the combination of groups of hollowtilebloclrsh'aving webs andshells, each group. composed of blocksabuttingv each other and bonded between concrete joists, thefblocks inthe group' being arranged'with the vertical webs lyingl normal totheshells of adjacenttile, each tile in the group havingan upper reducedportion whereby grooves are orniedinthe upper surface oi thegroupwithparts ofthe shells and partsof the open ends of adjacent blocksexposed to theigroov'es, and concrete lreys pou-red in the grooves" andhaving lugs extendinginto the exposed openV ends-@oit` the blocks andlying between the webs thereof, said webs abutting and'transniitting theload to thesaid concrete joists. `f

8. A floor slab comprising spaced-reinforced concrete jois'ts withhollowtile blocl-:s arranged in horizontally adjacent'pairsi between joists,the blocks having their upper shells flush with the top of the joistsfsothat each pair of blocks constitutes "a load carrying arch'abutting thejoists, atl least one block having 'a plurality of'vertical webs, atleast one block having one offits upper edgesV cut away forming achannel with an adjacent block and exposing the upper por- Vtionof thesaid vertical webs of 4one of the pairs of blocks,y concrete keys pouredin the v channel-and vhaving lugs extending around saidA vertical webs,andlugs extending-,from

said j ists into thel voided ends` ofthe Itile ,c

blocks'exposed thereto. ,S A

, Y 9. A floor slab comprising vspaced intersecting reinforced concretejoists with hollow tile blocks arranged in horizontally adjacent.

pairs between joistsvin both directions, the blocks having their uppershells flush .with the top of the .joists so that each pair oi blocksconstitutes' a load carrying arch abut-' ting the oists, each blockhaving a plurality of vertical webs and each block* having `one of itsupper edges cut away forming. a chan- Vnel with` an adjacent zblockextending Jfromy l0. A Hoor slab comprising spaced rein? forced'concrete joists, and groups of 'hollow tile blocksbondedtogether-between joists and having theirsupper shells flush withvthe `top of the joists andcomprising` load carryl ing arches .for whichthe joists serve as abuty ments, said blocks being` placed inalternateand opposit'ely arrangedl pairs extending between joists with the voidsin one block of' eachpair extending at right'l'anglesl `to the voids inthe other block of each pair, vwith the shells of one blockiert a pairfacing.' the oists and with tlievoided'endof the other Vblock of a pairyfacing a .joist and having lugs of concrete integral with ,thejoistsVextending into its voided end,v eachofthe bloclrshaving an upperfedgecutaway parallel'to its voids and to a (greater, depth than thetopfshell of the bloclnv-said yout awa edgesV acind the v c y e e voidedends of adjacentblocks andproviding channels vfor concrete keyswhiclrhave lugs extendingfinto the voided ends of adjacent blocks,wlierebyftheblooks are bonded to each otherV both laterallyA andlongitudinally of the itloor, and' whereby alternate blocks are bondedto the joists.

' llA'floor slab comprisingspacedparallel y joists, hollow tile blocksextending inrows at right angles to the joists, each row includi ingpairs of bloelrs betweenj oi'sts, Ysaidblock-s ha'ving'their uppershe'lls llush with thetop of the j'oists and having a voided portion f lcomprisiiigV a zone generallydisposedk at a lower; level thany thebottom ofthe joists,the

bloclrs'in a given rowbei'ng alternately areV`v ranged with their voidsnormal to' the joists i and parallelr tothe joists, vbloclsfFwitli thevoids parallel to the joists having an upper edgecut away remote fromthe joists providing af channel exposing the upper voided endsofadjacentblocksf-lugs of concrete integral with the joists extending intothe void ed ends of the blocks presentingvoided ends to tl'i'ejoists,concreteleys poured iii thev cut- Y c away edges of the blocksxwhosevoids extend parallel with the joists and having lugs extending intothel voided ends ofadjacent--k blocksy andv cellular'fs'oitf'tile keyedto the bottom of the Vjoirst and'closing.y the lower voids ofthe`blocks"`whose"voided ends face the joists, the bottoni shells of:the soit tile orniinga'ceiling surfa with the bottom shells of theotherv tile which is Yspaced away from the concrete of the keys randjoists by Y a horizontal cellular Zone belowlftlie load vcarryingport-ions of the Yiioor slab.

12. A Hoor slab comprising spaced intersecting joistsf defining thesidesof fav plurality of squares within which are fbonded four 'hollowtile blocks having all `of' their upper shellsiushj withfthe top of thejoists.k each of the blocks being disposed in'a'corner forined'by twoj'oists7 the blocks iin diagonal-( ly opposite cornershaving theirIvoids extending in .thesanie direction .and each ref cevingiugs ofconcrete in its voided end7 from one joist, whereby 1n a given square ieach joist has lugs 'extending into one tile,

'each tile having an upper edge cut away ydeeper thanits top shell andparallel to its voids remote from the oist against which its vyshellb'ears whereby la shallow crossfshaped channel is formed.k in thetop surface` of the four blocks whichexposes the vupper voided 10' s i Ycrete key formed integrally with-the joists ends of each block, and across shaped conatsubstantially the middleof the sides of the squaresand poured inthe channel `and y having llugs extending into the said.upper voided ends yof, the blocks.

ci 13. A floor slab comprising spaced inter-y -sectingreinforcedconcrete joists between upper part of thefdo'ine.

kwhich groups yof hollow tile blocks forming load bearing domes aresupported, the blocks in each group yhaving reduced upper portions andarranged to provide va continuous channelv for receiving a concrete keyin the form j of at least a single cross on the upper face of theidome,the blocks of the group engaging the joists tov a greater depth than thedepth of they key and the key distributing compressive loads from blockto block across'the 14:. A fioor slab comprising vspaced reinforCClconcrete j oists withy hollow tile blocks arranged in horizontallyadjacent rows bef tween joists, ythe blocks having their upper shellsflush with the top ofthe joist's so that Y each row of blocksconstitutes ay load `Carrying archv abutting the joists, at least one vblock having a; plurality of vertical webs,

at least'one block having one of itsv upper edges'fcut away forming Aachannel with an adjacent block and exposing the upper portion of thesaid vertical webs of one` ofthe blocks, concrete keyspoured in the'channel and having lugs extending around'said vertical webs,y and lugsyextending from said yjoists into the voided ends of the tiley blocksyexposed thereto. f s

-15'. AV oor slab comprising spaced reinforced concrete joists withhollow tile blocks each -row of blocks constitutes a load carry- 'Yarranged in horizontally adjacent rows between joists, the blocks havingtheir upper shells iiush with the top of the joists so that ".ingarchabutting the joists, atleast one block mittig thrust to the ,saidreinforced joists.

' 16.V floor slab having reinforced yconcrete joists and groups ofhollow tile bloeks having a Yreduced upper shell and a full horizontalWebvdefining small upper voids in said blocks,

said blocks being bonded between joists, the open ends of the tile inthe group abutting adjacent tile with said upper webs of adjacent tilecontacting and said upper shells of adjacent tile spaced apart, aconcrete key integrally formed with said joists disposed betweenabutting ends ofthe tile and upon said uppery web and between said uppershells and transmitting compressive load between blocks in the group andhaving lugs extending into the open ends of the abutting tile.

17. A Hoor slab having reinforced concrete j oists and groups ofhorizontally adjacent hollow tile blocks bonded between j oists, theopen ends of tile blocks in the group abutting adjacent til'e, theuppershells of at least certain of the blocksA being of smaller area thanarea of the maximum horizontal cross-section whereby channels areprovide'dbetween abutting tile, a concrete key of less depth than the joists poured in said channels above abutting parts of said blocks andtransmitting compressive load between blocks and having lugs extendinginto the open ends of the abutting blocks.

In testimony whereof, we hereunto aflix our signatures.

- JOHN O. WOOD.

ARTHUR HAGENER. KARL E. WAGNER.

